Handicapping Theory (2/3) Technical Analysis and Team Trends
By: Dr. Bob
DrBobSports.com
Fundamental Analysis: Fundamental analysis is the old fashioned way of handicapping. Fundamentalists look at matchups or try to envision how a game will play out. They study the strengths and the weaknesses of teams and try to determine if one team has a significant advantage over another based on their ability to exploit a team's weakness with their strength. For example, a fundamental analyst might claim that, 'Denver is a great running team and they should have no problem running against a team like Cincinnati that has trouble stopping the run.' Or that, 'Carolina's All-Pro defensive end will take advantage of their opponents rookie left tackle and be in the quarterback's face all day.'
Such a style of handicapping depends on a very keen knowledge of each team and their personnel. The problem with this sort of fundamental analysis is that most mis-matches in a game are already reflected in mathematical models, as well as in the point spread.
The key to fundamental analysis is finding statistical indicators that have led to point spread success, beyond the most obvious observations which everyone already knows, and odds makers have already taken into account. Handicapping based solely on fundamental analysis (which is what you'll see from 99% of touts and analysts) is lazy, inaccurate and unlikely to gain an edge over odds makers and/or other bettors. However, more nuanced fundamental analysis can be a useful addition to more comprehensive and predictive analytical models.
Technical Analysis: Technical analysis is the study of patterns and is based on the psychological ups and downs of teams as well as the psychological patterns of those that bet sports. Obviously teams have their ups and downs, and I use trends and situations to identify when teams are likely to play well and when they are not based on patterns that have lead to point spread success and failure in the past.
Team Trends: The most widely used and understood type of technical analysis is the study of team specific patterns which I simply call team trends. When I started handicapping back in the mid-80's team trends were an important part of selecting which teams I bet on. I would go back into my logs of results and study how teams performed at home and on the road, as a favorite or as an underdog, after a win or after a loss, and under other circumstances. I found that the most insightful team trends were the ones that were based on recent performances and explained how teams performed after good and bad performances. For instance, the 49ers were 48-17 ATS (Against The Spread) from 1981 through 1997 when they lost straight up and failed to cover the point spread in their previous game. What this told me is that the 49ers had a strong tendency to be more focused after a poor outing. This is a trend that worked for many years despite coaching and player changes over the years. Of course, the 49ers have basically had the same type of team over all of those years, and the 49ers' tradition started under Bill Walsh in the early 80's has been handed down through the generations of players. It also helped that San Francisco had only two quarterbacks during those 17 years, and that both Joe Montana and Steve Young had the personality types that made them perform better after poor outings.
Most of the personality of a team comes from the head coach, and I have noticed that patterns follow coaches from team to team. For instance, Jon Gruden's teams have a tendency to play well as a favorite after a loss (10-5 ATS from 1998 through 2001 in Oakland and 17-10-2 ATS from 2002 through 2008 with Tampa Bay) and poorly when favored by three or more the week following a victory (5-15 ATS with Oakland and 9-17 ATS with Tampa Bay).
On the other hand, there are some types of team trends that simply do not predict what will happen in the future. Over the past 10 years, I have studied the results of all statistically significant team trends that I have used in my game notes and tallied to results, broken down by the type of trend it is. The type of team trends that were the best indicators are what I call personality trends, which are the trends that explain how teams react to recent performances, such as how a team performs after a win or a loss, or after two straight spread wins, or after allowing 28 points or more (like the ones I used in the examples above). Certain types of team trends don't work at all, such as series history trends or trends that deal with a specific game number. A series history trend is a trend that states that Team A has covered 10 straight times against Team B. I have found that regardless of how many times in a row a team has covered against another team, the chance that they cover in the next meeting remains unaffected. A trend that says that Team A has gone 13-1 in their second road game of the season or is 8-0 in week number 5 doesn't make any sense and does not have any value in predicting the future. I know what types of trends tend to work and to what degree they work.
While the use of team trends worked very well during the 80's and through the mid-90's, the advent of free agency and the constant changing of head coaches in the league changed the personalities of teams every few years, making previous patterns of these teams meaningless in most cases. I tend to shy away from most team oriented trends unless the head coach or core of star players has been intact over the term of the trend. I certainly wouldn't pay much attention to a Carolina Panthers trend that included games prior to the arrival of head coach John Fox, who changed the personality of that team. On the other hand, longer term trends of the Philadelphia Eagles do have some validity due to the long tenure of head coach Andy Reid - even though the personnel have changed over the years.
Team trends can still be a very effective handicapping tool, but I do not use` team trends that no longer explain the personality of a team. From a statisticians' point of view, a trend is basically a sample of games taken from a pool of results. When the pool from which the sample was taken changes, the sample of games is no longer representative of that pool and should thus not be used as a forecasting tool. Thus, team trends work best with teams that have had the same coach or core group of players for at least as far as the trend goes back.
Situational Trends: As the use of team trends became more limited because of free agency and coaching changes, I began looking for patterns that explained the results of all teams that were in the same set of circumstances. For instance, how did all teams perform following consecutive games in which they allowed less than 10 points? Or, what is the record of Monday night home underdogs? These league-wide patterns are referred to as situational trends. I have found that situational trends are better indicators of future point spread results than team trends, because team specific changes (such as coaching changes and free agency) have little effect on league wide patterns. The patterns that exist in the NFL and in college football have existed for years and are based on the psychological ups and downs that exist in all teams and in the wagering habits of the betting public.
While all of my situations deal with the patterns that exist in team performance, some of them also are enhanced by the betting patterns of the public, who are influenced by more recent performances of a team. A lot of the situations that I use deal with playing on teams that have been playing below expectation (bounce-back situations) and playing against those that are playing well in recent weeks (letdown situations). Bounce-back and letdown situations work partly because the betting public overreacts to a string of good and bad performances and bets accordingly. A team may become out of favor after a couple of terrible performances while other teams may get more support than warranted from a couple of very good performances. Since the point spread is as much a measure of public perception as it is a projection of a median outcome, the point spread gets over-adjusted in conjunction with the public's fear of betting on a team on the slide or with their eagerness to bet on a team playing especially well in recent weeks.
This sort of betting behavior based on short-term results gives the smart player line value and that is why these sort of bounce-back or letdown situations produce good results. For instance, NFL teams that win back-to-back games straight up as an underdog are just 52-72-3 ATS (Against The Spread) in their next game if they are on the road and not getting more than 7 points (since 1981), including 25-51-2 ATS if visiting a non-divisional opponent.
There are a couple of reasons for this. First, teams that win back-to-back games as an underdog tend to get more support from the betting public and as a result the point spread deviates from a realistic point spread to a line that represents current public perception of the "hot" team. At the same time, the team that has just won back-to-back upsets generally is not quite as hungry, as the coach has less ammunition to motivate them with. Also, the coaching staff is generally reluctant to change the offensive and defensive schemes that produced the two victories. Their next opponent, however, has two weeks of films to figure out how to find a weakness in the schemes that have been so successful and these opposing players and coaches will prepare for the game against the "hot" team with more focus because of their recent success. So, not only is the "hot" team in this situation due to play at a lower level but the point spread has also moved in our favor to create value because the betting public is generally afraid to bet against a "hot" team. Playing against a non-divisional opponent gives the team off two upset wins even less reason to get fired up. This situation does not work nearly as well when playing against home teams off back-to-back upset wins because it is easier to maintain a high level of intensity in front of the home fans.
Not all situations are in the bounce-back or letdown mode and take advantage of misguided public perception and the natural fluctuations of team performance. There are also what I call momentum situations and these deal with playing on teams that are playing well and playing against teams that are playing poorly. For instance, in the NFL home underdogs are 193-136-10 ATS if they won straight up as an underdog the previous week. Bad teams in the NFL generally lack the confidence to beat a good team and there is nothing like an upset win to boost confidence. The confidence of winning as an underdog is enhanced by playing in front of the home fans and thus creates a good momentum situation. In general, the NFL is a contrary league, meaning that most of the situations involve going against teams that have been playing well and going with teams that have been struggling. College football, meanwhile, is more of a momentum sport and many more of the good technical situations in college football involve playing on a team that has been playing above expectations.
Does Technical Analysis Work? Technical analysis has come under scrutiny by fundamental handicappers and some sports bettors due to the fact that anybody searching a database randomly for patterns will find situations that have produced very good results. However, the key is to look for situations that make sense. I don't use trends such as "The Steelers are 13-2 in week number 7" (Do they actually know that week 7 is their week and gain confidence from it?) or "bet on home dogs from +2 to +4 if it's a weeknight MAC game" (the more narrow the point spread range is the more likely it is a random occurrence and not a true indicator of a real pattern).
So how can I be sure that technical analysis works? At the beginning of each year, I make a list of the situational angles that I think are meaningful (they are all easily statistically significant). At the end of the year, I tally the results of these angles. In the last 10 years of doing this, I have found that the situational angles that I use (remember, if your angles don't make sense they are not going to hold up as well) have won at a profitable rate of 55%, and that the situations with a higher statistical significance (i.e. a higher t-value) have proven to be even more predictive.
Many handicappers tend to back-fit past data by adding more and more factors (parameters) to a situation until they have a very high percentage angle (but also a much smaller sample size). However, my research has shown that a situation's predictability is sacrificed with each parameter added to derive that situation. For instance, a situation with a record of 50-20 (71%) that is derived using 10 factors isn't as predictive as the 59% home underdog situation that I presented above, which has just 4 parameters (this game home, this game dog, won last game, dog last game) and a much larger sample size. It's easy to find a very high-percentage situation if you use an unlimited number of parameters to get to that situation, but all that will result in is a situation that explains what has happened rather than something that helps predict what will happen.
My research, and the theories of statistics, shows that more predictive angles have fewer factors and a larger sample size, rather than a smaller sample situation with a high winning percentage that was derived by using too many parameters. Further research I did in the Summer of 2004 (which I update each summer) enables me to accurately assess a situation's future performance based on the win percentage, sample size, number of parameters and more recent performance (i.e. record of the angle over the past 3 seasons). That research led to a more realistic use of situational analysis than I've employed in the past. For instance, I can now tell you that a situation with a record of 140-60-5 ATS that uses 6 parameters has a 56.8% chance of winning the next time it applies if the line is otherwise fair according to my metrics. Having a realistic expectation of a situation's value has helped my overall analysis immensely, and I will continue to devote time each summer to update the research on the predictability of my situational analysis.
Remember, just because a situation is 70% over 200 games in the past does not mean that it will win 70% of the time in the future. A 140-60 situational trend is simply a sample of 200 games selected from a population consisting of all NFL games. Since the NFL is constantly changing (although the league as a whole doesn't change nearly as quickly as most individual teams do), the results of the same situation in the future will not fully reflect the past. Also, by definition, a statistically significant trend has a 5% probability of being caused by no more than chance variation, and the record of those trends can be expected to be 50% as a whole, bringing down the overall percentage of all significant trends. There is also going to be a certain level of back-fitting involved in finding a situation, which also lowers the future percentage of the situation. Of course, the better the record, the greater number of games in the sample, and the fewer parameters there are in an angle the more likely that the situation is real and not just random.
About
Bob Stoll of Dr. Bob Sports can be reached at DrBobSports.com.
By: Dr. Bob
DrBobSports.com
Fundamental Analysis: Fundamental analysis is the old fashioned way of handicapping. Fundamentalists look at matchups or try to envision how a game will play out. They study the strengths and the weaknesses of teams and try to determine if one team has a significant advantage over another based on their ability to exploit a team's weakness with their strength. For example, a fundamental analyst might claim that, 'Denver is a great running team and they should have no problem running against a team like Cincinnati that has trouble stopping the run.' Or that, 'Carolina's All-Pro defensive end will take advantage of their opponents rookie left tackle and be in the quarterback's face all day.'
Such a style of handicapping depends on a very keen knowledge of each team and their personnel. The problem with this sort of fundamental analysis is that most mis-matches in a game are already reflected in mathematical models, as well as in the point spread.
The key to fundamental analysis is finding statistical indicators that have led to point spread success, beyond the most obvious observations which everyone already knows, and odds makers have already taken into account. Handicapping based solely on fundamental analysis (which is what you'll see from 99% of touts and analysts) is lazy, inaccurate and unlikely to gain an edge over odds makers and/or other bettors. However, more nuanced fundamental analysis can be a useful addition to more comprehensive and predictive analytical models.
Technical Analysis: Technical analysis is the study of patterns and is based on the psychological ups and downs of teams as well as the psychological patterns of those that bet sports. Obviously teams have their ups and downs, and I use trends and situations to identify when teams are likely to play well and when they are not based on patterns that have lead to point spread success and failure in the past.
Team Trends: The most widely used and understood type of technical analysis is the study of team specific patterns which I simply call team trends. When I started handicapping back in the mid-80's team trends were an important part of selecting which teams I bet on. I would go back into my logs of results and study how teams performed at home and on the road, as a favorite or as an underdog, after a win or after a loss, and under other circumstances. I found that the most insightful team trends were the ones that were based on recent performances and explained how teams performed after good and bad performances. For instance, the 49ers were 48-17 ATS (Against The Spread) from 1981 through 1997 when they lost straight up and failed to cover the point spread in their previous game. What this told me is that the 49ers had a strong tendency to be more focused after a poor outing. This is a trend that worked for many years despite coaching and player changes over the years. Of course, the 49ers have basically had the same type of team over all of those years, and the 49ers' tradition started under Bill Walsh in the early 80's has been handed down through the generations of players. It also helped that San Francisco had only two quarterbacks during those 17 years, and that both Joe Montana and Steve Young had the personality types that made them perform better after poor outings.
Most of the personality of a team comes from the head coach, and I have noticed that patterns follow coaches from team to team. For instance, Jon Gruden's teams have a tendency to play well as a favorite after a loss (10-5 ATS from 1998 through 2001 in Oakland and 17-10-2 ATS from 2002 through 2008 with Tampa Bay) and poorly when favored by three or more the week following a victory (5-15 ATS with Oakland and 9-17 ATS with Tampa Bay).
On the other hand, there are some types of team trends that simply do not predict what will happen in the future. Over the past 10 years, I have studied the results of all statistically significant team trends that I have used in my game notes and tallied to results, broken down by the type of trend it is. The type of team trends that were the best indicators are what I call personality trends, which are the trends that explain how teams react to recent performances, such as how a team performs after a win or a loss, or after two straight spread wins, or after allowing 28 points or more (like the ones I used in the examples above). Certain types of team trends don't work at all, such as series history trends or trends that deal with a specific game number. A series history trend is a trend that states that Team A has covered 10 straight times against Team B. I have found that regardless of how many times in a row a team has covered against another team, the chance that they cover in the next meeting remains unaffected. A trend that says that Team A has gone 13-1 in their second road game of the season or is 8-0 in week number 5 doesn't make any sense and does not have any value in predicting the future. I know what types of trends tend to work and to what degree they work.
While the use of team trends worked very well during the 80's and through the mid-90's, the advent of free agency and the constant changing of head coaches in the league changed the personalities of teams every few years, making previous patterns of these teams meaningless in most cases. I tend to shy away from most team oriented trends unless the head coach or core of star players has been intact over the term of the trend. I certainly wouldn't pay much attention to a Carolina Panthers trend that included games prior to the arrival of head coach John Fox, who changed the personality of that team. On the other hand, longer term trends of the Philadelphia Eagles do have some validity due to the long tenure of head coach Andy Reid - even though the personnel have changed over the years.
Team trends can still be a very effective handicapping tool, but I do not use` team trends that no longer explain the personality of a team. From a statisticians' point of view, a trend is basically a sample of games taken from a pool of results. When the pool from which the sample was taken changes, the sample of games is no longer representative of that pool and should thus not be used as a forecasting tool. Thus, team trends work best with teams that have had the same coach or core group of players for at least as far as the trend goes back.
Situational Trends: As the use of team trends became more limited because of free agency and coaching changes, I began looking for patterns that explained the results of all teams that were in the same set of circumstances. For instance, how did all teams perform following consecutive games in which they allowed less than 10 points? Or, what is the record of Monday night home underdogs? These league-wide patterns are referred to as situational trends. I have found that situational trends are better indicators of future point spread results than team trends, because team specific changes (such as coaching changes and free agency) have little effect on league wide patterns. The patterns that exist in the NFL and in college football have existed for years and are based on the psychological ups and downs that exist in all teams and in the wagering habits of the betting public.
While all of my situations deal with the patterns that exist in team performance, some of them also are enhanced by the betting patterns of the public, who are influenced by more recent performances of a team. A lot of the situations that I use deal with playing on teams that have been playing below expectation (bounce-back situations) and playing against those that are playing well in recent weeks (letdown situations). Bounce-back and letdown situations work partly because the betting public overreacts to a string of good and bad performances and bets accordingly. A team may become out of favor after a couple of terrible performances while other teams may get more support than warranted from a couple of very good performances. Since the point spread is as much a measure of public perception as it is a projection of a median outcome, the point spread gets over-adjusted in conjunction with the public's fear of betting on a team on the slide or with their eagerness to bet on a team playing especially well in recent weeks.
This sort of betting behavior based on short-term results gives the smart player line value and that is why these sort of bounce-back or letdown situations produce good results. For instance, NFL teams that win back-to-back games straight up as an underdog are just 52-72-3 ATS (Against The Spread) in their next game if they are on the road and not getting more than 7 points (since 1981), including 25-51-2 ATS if visiting a non-divisional opponent.
There are a couple of reasons for this. First, teams that win back-to-back games as an underdog tend to get more support from the betting public and as a result the point spread deviates from a realistic point spread to a line that represents current public perception of the "hot" team. At the same time, the team that has just won back-to-back upsets generally is not quite as hungry, as the coach has less ammunition to motivate them with. Also, the coaching staff is generally reluctant to change the offensive and defensive schemes that produced the two victories. Their next opponent, however, has two weeks of films to figure out how to find a weakness in the schemes that have been so successful and these opposing players and coaches will prepare for the game against the "hot" team with more focus because of their recent success. So, not only is the "hot" team in this situation due to play at a lower level but the point spread has also moved in our favor to create value because the betting public is generally afraid to bet against a "hot" team. Playing against a non-divisional opponent gives the team off two upset wins even less reason to get fired up. This situation does not work nearly as well when playing against home teams off back-to-back upset wins because it is easier to maintain a high level of intensity in front of the home fans.
Not all situations are in the bounce-back or letdown mode and take advantage of misguided public perception and the natural fluctuations of team performance. There are also what I call momentum situations and these deal with playing on teams that are playing well and playing against teams that are playing poorly. For instance, in the NFL home underdogs are 193-136-10 ATS if they won straight up as an underdog the previous week. Bad teams in the NFL generally lack the confidence to beat a good team and there is nothing like an upset win to boost confidence. The confidence of winning as an underdog is enhanced by playing in front of the home fans and thus creates a good momentum situation. In general, the NFL is a contrary league, meaning that most of the situations involve going against teams that have been playing well and going with teams that have been struggling. College football, meanwhile, is more of a momentum sport and many more of the good technical situations in college football involve playing on a team that has been playing above expectations.
Does Technical Analysis Work? Technical analysis has come under scrutiny by fundamental handicappers and some sports bettors due to the fact that anybody searching a database randomly for patterns will find situations that have produced very good results. However, the key is to look for situations that make sense. I don't use trends such as "The Steelers are 13-2 in week number 7" (Do they actually know that week 7 is their week and gain confidence from it?) or "bet on home dogs from +2 to +4 if it's a weeknight MAC game" (the more narrow the point spread range is the more likely it is a random occurrence and not a true indicator of a real pattern).
So how can I be sure that technical analysis works? At the beginning of each year, I make a list of the situational angles that I think are meaningful (they are all easily statistically significant). At the end of the year, I tally the results of these angles. In the last 10 years of doing this, I have found that the situational angles that I use (remember, if your angles don't make sense they are not going to hold up as well) have won at a profitable rate of 55%, and that the situations with a higher statistical significance (i.e. a higher t-value) have proven to be even more predictive.
Many handicappers tend to back-fit past data by adding more and more factors (parameters) to a situation until they have a very high percentage angle (but also a much smaller sample size). However, my research has shown that a situation's predictability is sacrificed with each parameter added to derive that situation. For instance, a situation with a record of 50-20 (71%) that is derived using 10 factors isn't as predictive as the 59% home underdog situation that I presented above, which has just 4 parameters (this game home, this game dog, won last game, dog last game) and a much larger sample size. It's easy to find a very high-percentage situation if you use an unlimited number of parameters to get to that situation, but all that will result in is a situation that explains what has happened rather than something that helps predict what will happen.
My research, and the theories of statistics, shows that more predictive angles have fewer factors and a larger sample size, rather than a smaller sample situation with a high winning percentage that was derived by using too many parameters. Further research I did in the Summer of 2004 (which I update each summer) enables me to accurately assess a situation's future performance based on the win percentage, sample size, number of parameters and more recent performance (i.e. record of the angle over the past 3 seasons). That research led to a more realistic use of situational analysis than I've employed in the past. For instance, I can now tell you that a situation with a record of 140-60-5 ATS that uses 6 parameters has a 56.8% chance of winning the next time it applies if the line is otherwise fair according to my metrics. Having a realistic expectation of a situation's value has helped my overall analysis immensely, and I will continue to devote time each summer to update the research on the predictability of my situational analysis.
Remember, just because a situation is 70% over 200 games in the past does not mean that it will win 70% of the time in the future. A 140-60 situational trend is simply a sample of 200 games selected from a population consisting of all NFL games. Since the NFL is constantly changing (although the league as a whole doesn't change nearly as quickly as most individual teams do), the results of the same situation in the future will not fully reflect the past. Also, by definition, a statistically significant trend has a 5% probability of being caused by no more than chance variation, and the record of those trends can be expected to be 50% as a whole, bringing down the overall percentage of all significant trends. There is also going to be a certain level of back-fitting involved in finding a situation, which also lowers the future percentage of the situation. Of course, the better the record, the greater number of games in the sample, and the fewer parameters there are in an angle the more likely that the situation is real and not just random.
About
Bob Stoll of Dr. Bob Sports can be reached at DrBobSports.com.
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